| 摘要: |
| 随着石油化学工业的发展，由石油裂解产物制成的合成洗涤剂的产量正在飞速增长。1960年到1972年，我国合成洗涤剂产量增长了16倍，1984年年产量已达70多万吨，而且近年来有更大的增长趋势。一般的洗衣粉约含20%的表面活性物质，其余主要是增净剂(如磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐)等。表面活性剂根据其在水溶液中显示出的离子特性，可分为阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂等四类。我国生产的合成洗涤剂以阴离子型为主，占总产量的70%以上。
合成洗涤剂的广泛应用产生了一系列环境污染问题，特别是对水生生物的影响和危害已引起人们的关注。目前，国内外对此问题正从以下几方面开展研究：(1)大量洗涤剂排入水体产生泡沫层并消耗溶解氧而引起的水质和底质的恶化；(2)表面活性剂本身对生物的急性和慢性的致毒效应；(3)表面活性剂的界面活性作用所引起的水环境中污染物界面交换过程的变化，以及由此而产生的生物效应；(4)洗涤剂中的增净剂等成分所引起的水质富营养化等。
另一方面，我们也注意到，不仅大量生活和工业用洗涤剂随废水进入河口浅海区后对生态环境的影响值得重视，而且研究其在河口区的地球化学特征，显然能为河口海域环境特征及污染状况的研究提供重要的信息。然而国内尚未见有我国河口海域阴离子洗涤剂含量分布的任何资料。在国外虽然有过这方面工作的某些报道(Ambe, 1973; Gagnon,1983)，但以河口水体、底泥及其诸环境因素作为一个整体来考察阴离子表面活性剂的行为及其环境意义的工作还属罕见。为此，我们研究拟定了简便快速测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法，结合海河口有机污染的调查，进行了这方面的研究工作。 |
| 关键词: 渤海湾海河口区、阴离子表面活性剂、环境地球化学 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:中国科学院海洋研究所调查研究报告第1402号 |
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| ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT IN THE HAIHE RIVER ESTUARY |
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Wu Jingyang, Li Jianbo, Li Yunfei, Song Huailong
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Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica
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| Abstract: |
| A simple and rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of the anionic surfactants (AS) in the study of environmental geochemistry of the estuary. The sediments were analysed by the extraction-spectrophotometry with ethyl violet and the indirect atomic absorption methods, the sea-water was analysed by indirect atomic absorption method.
In estuary water the AS are less stable and enriched in the particles, but stable in sediments. The average concentration of AS in inner Beitang and Dagu outfalls is 20--150 times more than that in the inshore area. The heighest value is about 2 mg/L. The regional distribution patterns of AS in surficial sea-water and surficial sediments reflect that Dagu and Beitang outfalls are its main contributors. And the pollution in Dagu outfall is stronger than that in Beitang. It also reflects the transport- sedimentary trend of the suspended pollutants. In water, the correlation between concentrations of AS and the salinity, the diversity of phytoplankton is negative, while that between concentrations of AS and COD, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus, coliform bacteria as well as chlorophyll-a is positive. In sediments, the correlation between the concentrations of AS and organic C, humic acid, sulphide, phosphorus as well as nitrogen is distinctively positive. However, the relation between AS and ignition loss is not clear. Thus, it is possible that the AS can be used as a indicator of organic pollution in estuary and as a tracer of the sewage and suspensate.
The daily variation of AS shows that the average concentration is lower and the variation range is less in the farther station and that the concentration of AS in botton water is higher than that in surface water. It suggests that the AS is richer in the particles in water and its transport capability is lower than COD.
The vertical distribution of AS in the core samples of sediments reflects the history of pollution, it can be used to estimate the rate of sedimentation. |
| Key words: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY,ANIONIC SURFACTANT,HAIHE RIVER ESTUARY |
